Gordon Hanson has set up a Shadow Committee on U.S. Trade Policy, and has asked several economists to respond to specific questions. Here is the one I was charged with:
Rightly or wrongly, some have interpreted Krugman’s recent Nobel address, which has gotten considerable play in Washington, as implying ambivalence about the benefits of trade for the U.S. What does trade theory tell us about the initiatives the US should make a priority in its trade policy agenda?
And my answer:
A society's gains from trade liberalization in different sectors depend on a lot of things, but as a rule of thumb, it is useful to focus on three things. (Here I will look at only U.S. policies, leaving aside the question of which initiatives should be pursued abroad.)
First, how large is the trade restriction (or subsidy) in question? Economic theory tells us that the gains from removing a tax or subsidy rise with the square of the wedge. So sectors where there are large policy interventions are particularly ripe for liberalization, everything else held constant.
Second, what is the likelihood that the liberalization will aggravate a pre-existing market imperfection? In the case of the U.S., the main imperfection I would worry about is technological externalities. These spillovers are likely to be associated with activities that employ lots of highly-skilled workers. My rule of thumb here would be that liberalization that results in the contraction of sectors that employ such workers is unlikely to generate much gains, and may even be harmful.
Third, is the liberalization likely to worsen income distribution at home? Many economists disregard distributional concerns (either because they do not think these are important, or else because they assume other policy instruments are available to deal with equity). But I do not find this a tenable position. So I would argue that any potential efficiency gains have to be traded off against potentially adverse movements in income distribution.
How do these considerations inform the question at hand, namely the nature of the initiatives the US should make a priority in its trade policy agenda?
Consider some obvious initiatives. On narrow economic efficiency grounds, the reform that would generate the biggest bang for the buck by far is the relaxation of visa restrictions that prevent unskilled workers from poor nations from being employed in the U.S. This is because the magnitude of the barrier in question here (measured by the wedge between earnings of otherwise similar low skill workers here and in poor countries) is bigger than in any other area of international commerce. But the trouble is that the likely distributional impact is also very adverse. So we can generate the efficiency gains only at the expense of making domestic unskilled workers worse off. Considerations 1 and 3 clash.
How about further trade liberalization in the conventional areas of manufactures? The problem here is that the barriers are already extremely low (in the low single digits), and the efficiency gains to be had are correspondingly small.
How about outsourcing? Outsourcing of low-skilled labor is on the whole bad for income distribution, while out-sourcing of high-skilled labor may run against consideration 2, the need to keep sectors that are the likely depositories of technological externalities at home.
So where does this leave us? I can think of two areas of liberalization where existing barriers are high and do not face the objections that I have considered so far.
First, agriculture. Subsidies and other trade-distorting measures are rampant in agriculture, especially in crops like cotton and sugar. It is hard to argue that these activities generate externalities or that their contraction would be bad for income distribution as a whole. So this is clearly an area of priority. (Note that I am not considering the impacts on other countries, which is not my focus here. The positive impacts abroad are typically vastly exaggerated, but the domestic benefits are not in question.)
Second, visa restrictions on highly-skilled foreign workers. The barriers here are large, since we know the visa quotas bind severely. Allowing more foreign scientists and engineers in will reduce incentives to outsource technologically-advanced operations abroad, and will help expand sectors that are likely to generate positive spillovers. The distributional effects are unlikely to be adverse, as it is the top of the labor market that will be affected.
So the trade policy initiatives that deserve priority in the U.S. are: liberalize agricultural trade, and expand visa quotas for highly skilled foreign workers.
Note that the U.S. can do both of these on its own, and does not need Doha or action on the part of the rest of the world to reap the gains from these reforms.
Two comments.
First, about 70% of H1-B visas are used by Indian companies, as a way to train Indian employees in American jobs that are then moved to India. H1-B visas are primarily not used (as in NOT USED!!!!) to bring highly educated foreigners into the USA on a path to citizenship or permanent residency. This misconception is everywhere and it is shameful. I had a recent exchange with a NYTimes reporter who didn't know this. (He got the links which I don't have time to get here.) There have been congressional hearings on this and publicized studies. Check google.
Second, the real politics here is that we import highly educated foreigners (often from the 3rd world, often educated at the expense of their govts) to cover up our own inadequacy in educating our own people. The fact we can do this is one thing that keeps the corporate sector in this country from insisting on better educated Americans. I saw Andy Grove not long ago said educating Americans well is "something we don't know how to do." The head of Intel, a company which has figured out how to do so many complex things, its leaders throws up his hands at this task. That is disgusting, I'm sorry. The CEO class just poaches the highly skilled from elsewhere basically because they want to keep a regressive tax system that doesn't support a good education system for working Americans.
Posted by: lark | May 13, 2009 at 11:00 AM
I think that openness to the most talented workers is key to the continued success of advanced economies. This is how they can keep at the competitive frontier. And I believe the world is moving in the direction where individual talent will matter even more as described in http://rajatheshankar.blogspot.com/2009/04/city-as-office-for-freelance-society.html and http://rajatheshankar.blogspot.com/2009/04/city-as-office-for-freelance-society.html
Posted by: Raja Shankar | May 13, 2009 at 05:09 PM
i'm very disappointed in this latest posting.
dr rodrik appears to have no knowledge of the reality of H1B visas. the reason there is a "bind" in demand for these "highly skilled" foreign workers is that their price is low [and they are all young, but's that's another issue].
now, if dr rodrik thinks lowering IT wages via hiring immigrants is a good idea, that's fine. he should just state that. then we can discuss the real issue.
the only "shortage" is that of employers who want to pay market rates for programmers and engineers.
here's a link to an analysis of an actual replacement of U.S. staff with H1B staff. in various forms, this underpricing goes on all the time, and is perfectly legal under the H1B rules.
http://www.programmersguild.org/archives/howtounderpay.htm
Posted by: bob | May 13, 2009 at 11:00 PM
Dani, I have some remarks to add to your answer.
1) Let's consider manufactures. There are two trade policies: liberalizing more, that you say will not bring much benefits, and protecting more, about which you are silent. One could use your logic to point out that the losses from adding a tax or imposing a subsidy rise with the square of the wedge. I think it is worth mentioning the other direction of movement away from the status quo (and the convexly increasing costs associated with it) since some form of protectionism (maybe not through tariffs but through non-tariff barriers such as tighter standards) seems to be an option that politicians consider on the table.
2) I do not think your "square of the wedge" measure captures all of the costs of a movement toward protectionism. A nice point made in recent research (I am thinking to Kei-Mu Yi's work) is that trade, and so the gains from it, increases non-linearly with respect to a tariff also because a good crosses the border several times due to the "slicing of the production chain". If so, the costs from higher protectionism are higher than the usual Harberger's triangles that you refer to.
3) There are two senses in which income distribution may worsen. In one sense inequality goes up: the unskilled workers are worse off relatively to the skilled ones. In another sense, the unskilled workers are worse off in an absolute sense: they literally lose from trade. The two senses do not seem to have, prima facie at least, the same ethical implications even though they are often confused, especially by politicians. I mention this because, for example, it is not clear, both in theory and in practice, that offshoring makes unskilled workers worse off in the absolute sense.
4) There other instances, besides your H1 visa example, where liberalization may ameliorate a pre-existing market imperfection. For example, I found pretty puzzling the plethora of occupational licenses, sometimes different across states, that are present in U.S. Even though one can sometimes make an economic argument for them, they seem to have a rent component that just causes inefficiencies. E.g, it is not clear to me why a license is legally required in order to be an architect. Offshoring abroad some of these tasks may be pro-competitive and so, at least in regard to efficiency, commendable.
Posted by: Tommaso | May 13, 2009 at 11:24 PM
bob, one of the first steps in the approval process for an h1b is 'labor certification' which requires that the foreign worker be paid the market wage. you can now deduce the reasons for why that sometimes doesn't happen in practice :)
Posted by: al | May 14, 2009 at 12:19 AM
The US has no incentive to unilaterally lower tariffs that are already low because the increased imports to which lower tariffs would lead would stimulate higher trade orientation which, especially for a large country would affect the terms of trade. They need not affect it much because the effect is proportional to the tariff, whereas the allocative inefficiency reduction is proportional to the square of the tariff and the tariff is already low.
I hate to speak the truth here, as it's no good for the world outside of the US (and I live in Australia not the US), but the free trade bias of economics has been so strong that this simple argument has been routinely ignored - even by economists like Dani who are typically more sceptical of the received wisdom of free trade than most.
The argument has been developed a little in Australia, where its power is less than it is in the US - because Australia is a smaller country than the US and therefore is much closer to a price taker than the US is in global markets.
Here's one post on it
Posted by: Nicholas Gruen | May 14, 2009 at 03:22 AM
I just want to point out Rodrik's wise words: "How about outsourcing? Outsourcing of low-skilled labor is on the whole bad for income distribution, while out-sourcing of high-skilled labor may run against consideration 2"
totally agree
Posted by: Katie Seguros Coche | May 14, 2009 at 03:51 AM
Hi,
I'd like to pick up on Bob's 4th point and ask a question that I hope someone can help me with.
I can understand that there is no lobby asking for it, but if we are going free trade in goods and services, why do we allow monopolization of key services via "occupational licenses", often decided at the state and even post-graduate school level?
For instance, why not set up a system where, say, Indian medical schools can teach to an internationally agreed to standard and curriculum and graduating Indian doctors / dentists from these schools can then take a test proving their aptitude to safely provide services in the US market for medical care?
Such doctors / dentists would likely charge prices for their services below their US counterparts (certainly their lower tuition / loan financing costs would help in this area), and the greater public would benefit (as likely would India in the medium run).
Are their economic reasons why this isn't done? I'm not an economist, so I would really like to know.
All I can see is a case of what's good for the goose (you) is not good for gander (me) and that it is highly unlikely to even be called for (aside from the fringe), never mind actually worked towards.
Posted by: Vin | May 14, 2009 at 05:24 PM
Landesbank LBBW für 175 Millionen Euro an die baden-württembergischen Sparkassen verkaufen.
Dies habe die Verbandsversammlung am Donnerstag einstimmig in Budenheim bei Mainz beschlossen, sagte eine Verbandssprecherin. Die rheinland- pfälzischen Sparkassen halten 4,9 Prozent an der größten deutschen Landesbank, für die eine Kapitalspritze von fünf Milliarden Euro geplant ist. Der Sparkassenverband Baden-Württemberg will am Freitag über das Angebot der rheinland-pfälzischen Sparkassen entscheiden.
Falls der Verkauf nicht zustande komme, werde sich der rheinland- pfälzische Sparkassenverband nicht an der geplanten Kapitalerhöhung für das von der Finanzkrise getroffene Institut beteiligen, teilte der Sparkassenverband Rheinland-Pfalz (SVRP) mit. Der Anteil der Rheinland-Pfälzer an der Kapitalerhöhung hätte 246 Millionen Euro betragen. «Für eine strategische Beteiligung ist der Anteil der rheinland-pfälzischen Sparkassen zu klein, um dauerhaft weitere Investitionen zu rechtfertigen», erklärte der SVRP-Vorsitzende, Landrat Hans Jörg Duppré. Unabhängig vom Ausstieg wollten die rheinland-pfälzischen Sparkassen die geschäftliche Zusammenarbeit mit der LBBW aber fortsetzen und ausbauen, sagte SVRP-Präsident Hans Otto Streuber.
Der rheinland-pfälzische Verband hatte der LBBW im März seinen Anteil von 246 Millionen Euro an der Kapitalspritze verweigert und erklärt, zunächst müssten mit dem Sparkassenverband Baden-Württemberg Gespräche über die künftige Beteiligungsstruktur bei der LBBW geführt werden. Mit der Kapitalspritze soll die wegen der Finanzkrise geschrumpfte LBBW-Eigenkapitaldecke aufgepolstert werden. Die LBBW hatte 2008 einen Verlust von 2,1 Milliarden Euro eingefahren.
Am Donnerstag gab die Stadt Stuttgart endgültig grünes Licht für die Milliarden-Kapitalspritze. Die baden-württembergischen Sparkassen wollen am Freitag endgültig über ihren Beitrag an der Kapitalerhöhung entscheiden. Das Land hatte bereits im März zugestimmt.
Posted by: raivo pommer-www.google.fi | May 15, 2009 at 10:12 AM
Countries are not ruled by trade theories. Usually they are ruled by people seeking to keep power as long as possible. And sometimes people rely on minority groups within their society to keep themselves in power. Have a look at this paper [http://personal.lse.ac.uk/levyg1/diversedemocracy%5B1%5D.pdf], “The Diminishing Effect of Democracy in Diverse Societies” by Gilat Levy and Oriana Bandiera (London School of Economics and Political Science). Indeed, this can explain why western Europe heavily defends its farmers (4-5% of the population) sacrificing the common good.
An interesting theory should consider not how much a single group benefit or not from trade liberalization but how much influence the group affected by the new policy has on the decision making process. A reduction of trade barriers can help to tackle chronic poverty (have a look at the “Industrial Development Report” by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization [http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/IDR/2009/IDR_2009_print.PDF]). But barriers are not where they are because governments think they are irrational from a political (not economic) point of view.
Posted by: Francesco Bailo | May 15, 2009 at 10:41 AM
HE British parliamentary expenses scandal claimed its first ministerial scalp last night with the standing down of junior Justice Minister Shahid Malik.
Mr Malik stepped down pending an investigation after The Daily Telegraph revealed Britain's first Muslim minister had claimed tens of thousands of pounds for a second home while paying below-market rent for his main house.
The newspaper said Mr Malik had claimed pound stg. 66,827 on his London home over three years, while paying less than pound stg. 100 a week on a house in his constituency he designated as his main residence.
Prime Minister Gordon Brown has asked an independent adviser on ministerial interests, Philip Mawer, to investigate the claims, said a spokesman, adding that it was expected Mr Malik would return to his job if cleared.
"There have been accusations made in the past 24 hours against Shahid Malik, in particular that he received preferential rent on his main residence," said the spokesman. "Because that allegation would represent a potential financial benefit ... this could represent a breach of the ministerial code."
House of Commons Speaker Michael Martin was under growing pressure to step down at next year's general election for resisting a crackdown on MPs and expenses to concentrate on finding who leaked the data to The Daily Telegraph.
The Times labelled yesterday the British parliament's "darkest day" after a former minister, Elliot Morley, was kicked out of the parliamentary Labour Party for his abuse of expenses, and a Conservative MP stepped down from the opposition front bench over his claims.
Conservative MP Andrew MacKay may be ordered by his party to pay back more than pound stg. 100,000 ($200,975) in allowances he claimed by exploiting a system that allowed MPs to claim benefits to maintain a second home.
Mr MacKay and his wife, fellow Conservative MP Julie Kirkbride, own two homes. He designated one as his second home and she designated the other as hers, meaning they could claim allowances for both homes but were left with no primary residence.
Posted by: raivo pommer-eesti. | May 16, 2009 at 06:08 AM
EURO-zone economies shrank far more than expected in the first quarter — with Germany posting its worst performance since reunification — but in the US on Friday there were signs of improving consumer sentiment and a stabilising industrial sector.
Gross domestic product for the 16 countries using the euro contracted 2,5% quarter on quarter, or 4,6% year on year, the worst on record. Europe’s largest economy, Germany, fell 3,8%.
Despite signs that the worst global recession in six decades might be easing, recovery clearly remains elusive.
“It was a massive surprise just how weak the data were,” said HSBC senior currency strategist Paul Mackel.
Bankers and policy makers said central and eastern Europe faced at least another year of economic pain. They urged western European institutions to do more to help.
Ukraine said it needed more funds on top of an existing $16,4bn International Monetary Fund (IMF) bail-out.
Economic signals in the US were more encouraging. The mood of US consumers improved this month, and a widely tracked measure of consumer expectations was at its highest level since October 2007.
US factory output fell at a slowing rate, and machinery orders in Japan surpassed expectations, both suggesting global industry was at least starting to stabilise.
Energy and financial shares pressured Wall Street, and the Standard & Poor’s 500 index closed down 1,1%. US indices were lower for the week, as were European markets, despite a 0,5% gain on Friday.
Industry and consumer confidence surveys signalled a slowing rate of decline in recent weeks, and central bankers have talked up recovery hopes. Yet consumer-demand signals have been mixed at best.
The world’s number three clothing retailer, Sweden’s Hennes & Mauritz, raised hope of a consumer recovery with its first sales increase since last July.
But US retailers JC Penney and Abercrombie & Fitch suggested consumers remained leery of nonessential spending and were sensitive to prices. “Price consciousness is dictating shopping habits unlike anything I have ever seen,” said Abercrombie CE Mike Jeffries, whose company’s loss was wider than expected.
US credit card defaults rose to a record high last month, reflecting the millions of job losses since the start of the year. Citigroup, Wells Fargo and American Express posted double-digit loss rates.
General Motors will cut about 1600 dealers as it prunes operations ahead of expected bankruptcy. Bankrupt Chrysler took similar measures. Sluggish demand has limited companies’ pricing power: US consumer prices had their largest 12-month drop since 1955.
A US policy maker said Federal Reserve action pulled the economy back “from the edge of the abyss”, but a return to growth would take time as Americans sought a new balance between consumption and saving. Dallas Fed President Richard Fisher expected a “very slow slog”.
Fed chairman Ben Bernanke said on Friday investors seemed more willing to take part in a Fed scheme to revive lending.
Banks, at the epicentre of the crisis, still face pressure to raise capital. Barclays is in talks to sell prized asset management arm Barclays Global Investors of San Francisco for $10bn or more. It received “unsolicited interest” in other units after auctioning its iShares unit.
IMF chief Dominique Strauss-Kahn said recovery, which the IMF predicts is a year away, depended on the banks. “There is a lot do in cleansing the balance sheets. You never recover until the cleansing has been done.”
Posted by: raivo pommer-eesti. | May 18, 2009 at 12:48 PM
Der WestLB.
In einer persönlichen Erklärung begründete Hilgert seinen Rücktritt damit, dass er auf dem Weg zur Neuausrichtung der angeschlagenen Landesbank "nicht die erforderliche wirtschaftliche Unterstützung der maßgeblichen Eigentümer der Bank" finde. Die Landesbank verliert mitten in einem schwierigen Sanierungsprozess ihren Chef; Hilgert war bereits der dritte binnen zwei Jahren nach Thomas Fischer und Alexander Stuhlmann. Am Abend ernannte der Aufsichtsrat Hilgerts Stellvertreter Dietrich Voigtländer kommissarisch zum Konzernchef.
Die WestLB, drittgrößte deutsche Landesbank, will Geschäftsaktivitäten im Umfang von rund 80 Milliarden Euro auslagern. In der vergangenen Woche hatte die EU-Kommission die Bank verpflichtet, sich im Gegenzug zu den gewährten Staatshilfen von ganzen Geschäftsbereichen zu trennen und ihr Geschäftsvolumen somit zu halbieren. Die Konzentration auf Kernbereiche ("Projekt Omega") bezeichnete Hilgert als "einzigen, die künftige Existenz der Bank rechtzeitig und nachhaltig sichernden Weg".
Gegen die Absicherung dieses Modells gibt es aber massiven Widerstand von den Sparkassenverbänden als Mehrheitseigentümer der WestLB, die bisher nicht bereit sind, der Landesbank die notwendigen Garantien in einer Größenordnung von fünf Milliarden Euro zu gewähren.
Daran müssten sich die Sparkassenverbände gemäß ihres Eigentümer-Anteils mit mehr als 2,5 Milliarden Euro beteiligen. Hilgert soll sich in vertraulichen Gesprächen massiv über die Politik des Rheinischen und des Westfälischen Sparkassenverbandes beschwert haben, verlautete aus dem Umfeld der nordrhein-westfälischen Landesregierung, die mit 37 Prozent an der WestLB beteiligt ist.
Posted by: raivo pommer-eesti. | May 19, 2009 at 06:12 AM
Trend zum Goldbarren
Bei dem in Deutschland zugelassenen Hansagold-Fonds der Hansa-Invest und dem DWS Plus Gold der Deutschen Bank haben Anleger maximal 30 Prozent physisches Gold im Depot, der Rest wird über Wertpapiere abgedeckt. Viele Sparer wollen jedoch 100 Prozent physische Deckung, etwa, weil ihnen Termingeschäfte mit Gold als zu unsicher erscheinen. Doch 100 Prozent Golddeckung gibt es nur bei ausländischen Produkten.
Der Trend zum Goldbarren im Wertpapiermantel ist jung, erst mit der Finanzkrise entdeckten Sparer den Reiz von tatsächlichem Besitz. Hintergrund sind grundsätzliche Zweifel an der Werthaltigkeit von Wertpapieren, sei es Aktien, Anleihen oder auch Papiergeld. Gold hat anders als Papier einen inneren Wert, das Edelmetall hat sich über die Jahrhunderte resistent gegen Inflation gezeigt.
Aufgrund der stark steigenden Staatsverschuldung und der Zentralbankenpolitik des billigen Geldes ist eine mögliche Geldentwertung in vielen Kreisen ein Thema. Daher rührt das wachsende Interesse an Gold.
Drohende Steuernachteile
Für die ausländischen Gold-Fonds drohen Steuernachteile, obwohl sich die deutsche Finanzverwaltung mangels Masse bislang nicht zu der Problematik geäußert hat - noch nicht. "Das Investment wird eventuell wie eine geschlossene Fondsbeteiligung oder als Beteiligung an einer niedrig besteuerten Auslandsgesellschaft angesehen", heißt es unter Steuerexperten. Die innerhalb der Jahresfrist vom Fonds erzielten Veräußerungsgewinne müssten dann vom Anleger in beiden Fällen jährlich versteuert werden, was teurer kommt.
"Bei klassischen Investmentfonds blieben die ausgeschütteten oder thesaurierten Gewinne aus dem Verkauf von physischem Gold dagegen steuerfrei", sagt Weber. Ein Gewinn fiele also erst beim Anteilsverkauf an. Würden die ausländischen Investments hingegen als Fonds eingestuft, handelt es sich nur um so genannte schwarze Fonds, es sei denn sie veröffentlichten ihre Steuerdaten. Dann fällt zum Jahresende eine hohe Pauschalsteuer an.
Neben Fonds haben Sparer auch die Möglichkeit, über Zertifikate physisches Gold zu zeichnen. Es gibt das in Deutschland aufgelegte Xetra-Gold-Zertifikat, aber auch ausländische Investments wie ETFS Physical Gold und Gold Bullion Securities. "Eigentlich sind diese Anlagen Wertpapiere, doch die Emittenten werben damit, dass die Investments einen Lieferanspruch von Gold begründen", sagt Weber. Dann würde nicht die Abgeltungsteuer in Höhe von 25 Prozent, sondern die einjährige Spekulationsfrist gelten. Nach einem Jahr wären die Erträge steuerfrei, so die Argumentation der Emittenten.
"Ob die Finanzbehörden das auch so sehen oder nicht doch von einem Wertpapierinvestment ausgehen werden, ist noch nicht geklärt", sagt Weber. Steuerlich sicherer sei der direkte Kauf einer Münze oder eines Barrens ohne Umweg über das Wertpapier. "Allerdings fallen hier hohe Gebühren an, und diese Anlageform ist sehr unflexibel." Diese Aspekte müsse man gegeneinander abwägen.
Posted by: raivo pommer-eesti. | May 19, 2009 at 06:54 AM
US-Versicherer AIG hat der zur Sanierung angetretene Konzernchef Edward Liddy seinen Rückzug angekündigt. Der 63-Jährige werde nur noch solange im Amt bleiben, bis ein Nachfolger gefunden sei, gab AIG am Donnerstagabend in New York bekannt.
Liddy war im vergangenen September kurzfristig als Sanierer eingesprungen. Sein Rücktritt gilt als weiterer Schritt zu einer allmählichen Stabilisierung des einst weltgrößten Versicherers.
Die US-Notenbank hatte den schwer angeschlagenen AIG-Konzern im vergangenen Jahr aus Angst vor einem Kollaps mit weltweiten Folgen stützen müssen. Bisher summieren sich die Finanzhilfen auf rund 180 Milliarden Dollar. Im Gegenzug erhielt der Staat knapp 80 Prozent der Anteile.
Liddy ist in Doppelfunktion zugleich Konzernchef und Vorsitzender des Verwaltungsrates. Er empfahl die Trennung der beiden in den USA oft vereinten Ämter. Dem will der Verwaltungsrat wohl folgen. Von Anfang an war klar, dass Liddy die Aufgaben nur vorübergehend ausüben wollte. «Es bleibt bei AIG noch viel zu tun», sagte Liddy laut der Mitteilung. «Aber viel ist auch schon erreicht worden.»
Im vergangenen Jahr hatte AIG einen Rekordverlust von fast 100 Milliarden Dollar eingefahren. Auch im ersten Quartal dieses Jahres stand unter dem Strich erneut ein Minus von knapp 4,4 Milliarden Dollar.
AIG trennt sich derzeit von großen Geschäftssegmenten, um die staatlichen Geldspritzen zurückzuzahlen. Der Ausverkauf zieht sich aber länger hin als geplant. Zuletzt rechnete Liddy mit einem jahrelangen Sanierungsprozess. Weitere Finanzhilfen des Staates benötige AIG aber nicht, wenn sich die Wirtschaftslage nicht nochmals deutlich verschlechtere.
Posted by: raivo pommer-eesti. | May 22, 2009 at 04:23 AM
Weltkrise in Zeiten des Umbruches
Prof. Dr,. Wilhelm Hankel nimmt zu diesem Grundthema, von einer anderen Warte aus, in der Ausgabe Nr. 198/09 v. 01.Mai 2009 „Junge Freiheit“, ausführlich Stellung zur Weltwährungskrise, deren Ursachen und möglichen Auswirkungen und Veränderungen.
Anders als Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Hankel waren wir begründet eigentlich immer Anhänger des Euro. Diese Anhängerschaft speiste sich aus der Überlegung, daß die DM schon in der Krise war und sich der Lira annäherte, bevor die Wiedervereinigung einen Aufschub einer DM-Krise gewährte. Die sich dann abzeichnende und fortsetzende Krise der DM, also des Wertverlustes inflatorischer Art, wenn auch immer noch stärkste Stütze des EU-Wirtschaftsraumes, nach dann im Jahre 1996 ca. ihre Fortsetzung. Die Einleitung der Währungsschlange und Währungsstabilität als Vorstufe zur Einführung des Euro durch Helmut Schmidt als Weltökonom, hatte seine Berechtigung und seine richtige Sichtweise aufgrund eines ganzheitlichen Denkens und richtiger Analyse. Und dieser Stand einst in Gegensatz zu den schon damals geäußerten Bedenken vor Prof. Dr. Hankel. Ob Herr Prof. Dr. Hankel nun eine späte Bestätigung seiner Bedenken und Warnungen heute erfährt, mag vordergründig so aussehen, muß jedoch nicht so sein. Denn die Analysen von Prof. Dr. Hankel, so bestechend Sie sind und so richtig sie in der Wirkung heute erscheinen, haben jedoch einen Schönheitsfehler. Sie beschreiben ein Szenario der Auswirkungen falscher Entscheidungen und Ausuferungen eines Bankensystems, daß man politisch förderte aufgrund des Zusammenbruches des kommunistischen Weltanschauungssystems zu einem autarken Marktsegment. Dieses Marktsegment entwickelte sich in Folge zu einem eigenen Wertschöpfungsprinzips mit mafiosen Strukturen, welches durch Weltgroßkonzerne und geheimer Zirkel (Bilderberger), was zwischenzeitlich als gesichert angesehen werden kann und nicht dem Gespinst von Gehirnen entspringt die überall Weltintrigen wittern, zur allgemeinen Verwerfung und Weltgefahr, angewachsen sind.
Der Euro war in seiner Grundidee und mit den Bestrebungen der zähen Verhandlungen aus der BRD in Sachen Stabilitätskriterien, richtig angedacht und auf die EU-Kernstaaten der Neun, anfänglich beschränkt. Die Entwicklung ging jedoch darüber hinweg und die deutschen Kriterien wurden durch die übereilte Erweiterung, wie von Prof. Dr. Hanke richtig beschrieben, seiner Sicherungsfunktionen beraubt, da mit 27 Ländern, die letztendlich Ihre Weichwährungen durch die Umwandlung in den Euro sozialisierten, der Euro für sich schon, zur Weichwährung werden dürfte, bzw. die Gefahr des Scheiterns erlegen ist.
Nun ist aber auch zu erkennen, daß der Euro sich durch zu schnelle geografische Ausdehnung überdehnt hat und seiner Substanz aus noch anderen Gründen gefährdet ist. Eine dieser Gefährdungen ist der Umstand, daß die EU-Binnenstaaten sich nicht an Gemeinschaftsregeln hielten, sondern diese wie im klassischen Nationalstaat üblich, die Wirtschaften und Währungen letztendlich wie zu alten Tagen, also wie vor dem Gemeinschaftsbeitritt, händelten. D.h., die Verlockung der starken Gemeinschaft veranlasste zu viele Teilnehmerstaaten, drauf los zu wirtschaften und sich einen Standard in zu kurzer Zeit zu gönnen, für die die alte EU Jahrzehnte benötigte und die Substanz der Brutto-Sozial-Produkt gesicherten Gemeinschaftswährung, verwässerten. Eine weitere wesentliche Verwässerung des Euro, und dieses wird sich noch viel gravierender in der Zukunft auswirken, ist die Tatsache, das die beteiligten Staaten mit der EU-Währung eine klammheimliche, leise und kalkulierte Teilwährungsreform, durchführten. Das konnte jeder Bürger am ersten Tag der Umstellung, in Teilen schon seit Oktober vorher, feststellen. Allein durch eine Preisanpassung, die im Durchschnitt um 30 % höher lag, als es vor Einführung des Euro der Fall war. Die Lebenshaltungskosten sind schon im ersten Jahr der Einführung, Europaweit meist um 30 % angestiegen. Außer in den Ländern, die rechtzeitig vorher und mit Nachlaufzeit, eine Preisfestschreibung veranlassten. Was in den meisten Kernländern verhindert wurde. In Folge kam es zu Kaufkraftverlusten, da eben das Einkommen zum festgeschrieben Kurs umgewandelt wurde. Hier baute sich eine Kluft auf, die die Preissituation der Einkommenslage nach unten zog, die Einkommen der meisten Unternehmen nach oben hob und einige Jahre später, die Steuereinnahmen der beteiligten Staaten, fast explodieren ließen. Das alles als Strohfeuereffekt führte zu Begehrlichkeiten, die das Geldsystem zu einem eigenen Wertschöpfungsprinzip entarten ließ. Und hier hat Herr Prof. Dr. Hanke in seinen Analysen sicherlich recht, wenn er davon redet, das das Bankensystem, neudeutsch im politischen Sprachgebrauch als Heuschrecken bezeichnet, sich ihren eigenen, unkontrollierten Markt erschaffen haben, der unter Ausnutzung der Globalisierung und der neuen Freiheit als Ergebnisses des vermeintlichen Sieges des eigenen Systems zum vergangenen Konkurrenzsystem des Ostblockes, alles zuließ. Und das der Euro, wie der Dollar, sich von der Goldsicherheit verabschiedet haben, tat ein Übriges.
Die Goldsicherung der Nationalwährungen wurde mit Umstellung und Einführung auf den Euro, auf die Dollargrundlage umgestellt. Und allein dieser Umstand führt dazu, daß die USA heute in der Krise ihre Geldpressen anwerfen können, da die Dollarvermehrung eben zu einem sich auf den Wert des Euro stützt und zum anderen auf Weltwährungsbestände des Dollars, die alle Staaten in den Abgrund reißen würden, würden Sie den Dollar heute einfordern wollen. D.h., die Bilderberger etc., haben ganze Arbeit geleistet und die Welt in einer Weise von sich abhängig gemacht, die entweder eine neue Weltordnung begründen oder die Welt in einen großen Krieg stürzen können. Die durchgesickerten Bestrebungen deuten auf eine neue Weltordnung unter Führung nicht der USA als Staat hinaus, sondern eher an die Führungen im Hintergrund, die zu einer Art Weltregierung und Weltbeherrschung, die die Finanzmachtzentren der Welt und Ihrer Hintermänner, die sich lange aus nationalstaatlichen Denkarten und Vorstellungen entfernt haben, als neue Machtführung dieser Welt, etablieren.
Nicht umsonst wird in China wie in Russland darüber nachgedacht, mehrere Weltwährungen zuzulassen, um die Einseitigkeit der Abhängigkeit vom US-Dollar, wo noch immer das führende Machtzentrum besteht und von wo aus die Erpressungen an alle bestehenden Staaten ausgehen, zu neutralisieren und mehr Mitsprache zu erhalten. Ein weiterer Negativumstand ist die Tatsache, daß es Europa bis heute nicht geschafft hat die Chance, die sich aus der Auflösung der UDSSR und der Befreiung der europäischen Gebiete für Europa ergab, in dem Sinne zunutzen, die Vision Putins und der Annährung an Europa und einer neuen europäischen Sicherheitsstruktur, die eben auch die Wirtschaft mit einbezog, zu nutzen. An Stelle der Einsicht behielten die alten Betonköpfe der Frontstellungen zur Russland in Europa die Oberhand und unter amerikanischer Führung der Bushadministration, wurde Russland, auch wenn gewandelt und dem Westen zugewandt, in Fragen der Außenpolitik in die alte Rolle des „roten Zarenreiches“ gezwungen. Und das Europa sich als Brücke zwischen den USA und der neuen Partnerschaft des eurasischen Kontinents und des Bekenntnisses Russlands zu Europa erweist, wurde die Chance einer gemeinsamen Zukunft, wie geschichtlichen Schicksals auf dem engen Teilkontinent Europas, schändlich vertan und Russland vor den Kopf gestoßen.
Auch das wird sich negativ monetär auf die Zukunft Europas und seiner Wirtschaftsstellung und Zukunftssicherheit in der sich schnell wandelnden Welt, auswirken. Europa hat lange seinen Zenit überschritten und kann nur durch Neubestimmung seiner Nationalstaaten wie der Form einer Zusammenarbeit auf Dauer, Bestand haben.
Auf der anderen Seite der Entwicklungen, die zur Weltfinanz- und damit zur Weltwirtschaftskrise geführt haben, ist das Unverständnis der Europäer, das die Welt zunehmend im arabischen Raume und in Asien stattfindet. Nicht umsonst orientieren sich die USA in den pazifischen Raum. Und sein geschichtlicher Hinterhof seiner ehemaligen Herkunft, also Europa, planen sich die USA und Ihre Finanzweltstrategen, durch Abhängigkeiten in der Weise zu sichern, daß sie sich hier nicht mehr so sehr konzentrieren und engagieren müssen, da Europa durch Währung und Nato derart an die USA gebunden sind, das es als eigene Provinz betrachtet wird. Und da sind die Uneinigkeit und die zu schnelle Ausdehnung der EU, nur recht. Denn die Klammer für Europa wird noch verstärkt durch die Abhängigkeit der BRD und der ungelösten deutschen Frage, sowie der Urängste der neuen Ostländer, speziell der der Polen und der Tschechei, die sich mehr den USA verschrieben haben als der EU. Das zeigt sich speziell in der Raketenfrage, die nicht zur Sicherheit der USA vor iranischen Raketen oder als Schutz vor Russland angelegt und ausgelegt ist, denn eine Gefährdung Russlands oder ein Schutz vor Russland ist damit nicht herzustellen, sondern sie dient einzig der Verstärkung der Klammer als Schutz vor einem souveränen Deutschland und zur Disziplinierung der deutschen Politik und der Aufrechterhaltung von Abhängigkeiten zu den USA, und damit wiederum auch zur Abhängigkeit Europas zum atlantischen Bündnis angelsächsischer Wirtschafts-, Finanz- und Weltführungsvorstellungen in Konzert mit Groß Britannien, die gegen deutsche Wert- und Wirtschaftsvorstellungen, so lange Krieg geführt haben.
Hinter dieser deutsch-europäischen Krise verstecken sich die heutigen Probleme und die Gefahr, daß Europa daran zerbricht, ist gewaltig. Dennoch gibt es kaum eine Alternative zum Zusammenschluß Europas und des Euro. Und hier hat Herr Prof. Dr. Hankel eigentlich auf einen Ausweg aus der Krise für Deutschland und Europa hingewiesen, ohne den Rückfall in nationale Währungen und Wirtschaftsordnungen machen zu müssen. Das System der Sonderziehungsrechte als Korrektiv der Wirtschaftsgebiete, die im Währungsverbund sich widerspiegeln. Und hier kann man sich auch neu besinnen, die EU auf eine andere demokratische Grundlage zu stellen als Vorraussetzung des zukünftigen Zusammenhaltes. Man solle sich vielleicht an die Ideen von Charles DeGaulle erinnern, der sich eine neue Form zwischenstaatlicher Lösung für Europa vorgestellt hat, die den Nationalstaat zwar nicht auflöst, jedoch auch mehr ist, als nur eine Konföderation.
D.h. für die finanztechnische Situation Europas kann es einen Euro geben, der eben Europa in Eurogebiete aufteilt, die ein Spiegel der wirtschaftlichen Situation, gesteuert über die SZR, aufteilt. Auch als Neuausrichtung Europas der „zwei Geschwindigkeiten“, die einmal auch eine politische Entflechtung ergeben und so auf den alten Kern der Idee Europas zurückkehren kann mit einer Neubewertung, da die EU eben mehr ist als eine reine Wirtschaftszweckgemeinschaft, zu der sie gerade degeneriert und einer Rückkehr zur Stabilität in Unabhängigkeit zum Dollar ermöglicht, die auch Freiheit und Brückenfunktion für Europa bedeuten. Und so kann der Euro dann eine der Stützwährungen der Welt in der Zukunft werden, wie von China und Russland gefordert. Die Welt kann sich nicht mehr nur auf den Dollar stützen.
Wird hier keine Wandlung vollzogen, so wird zwar mit dem jetzigen Anfahren der Geldpresse in den USA es zwar möglich, den Wirtschaftskreislauf wieder an zu schieben, aber um eine Weltwährungsreform, wird man nicht herum kommen, sollen die Probleme nicht kriegerisch gelöst werden. Und eine Weltwährungsreform wird den EU-Raum insbesondere hart treffen und Deutschland seine Kriege zum fünften Male bezahlen lassen. Selbst, sollte es zu unterschiedlichen Bereinigungsstufen der Währungsreform, je nach Dollarverschuldung und Beständen der einzelnen Großwirtschaftsregionen kommen, was wahrscheinlich der Fall sein wird als politischer Preis der Friedenserhaltung, wird es große Verwerfungen und Neuausrichtungen geben.
Das Alles fügt sich ein in die Aussagen von Historikern, wonach im Äonenzyklos zivilisatorischer Weltentwicklung, sich die Welt im Umbruch befindet und dieser Umbruch ca. bis Ende 2100 anhalten wird. Diese Zyklen sind historisch belegt und umfassen ca. 2000 Jahre. Zwischenzyklen gibt es auch, sind hier jedoch nicht betrachtet.
Gelingt es also, diese Zeiten einigermaßen stabil zu überwinden, kann es sehr wohl eine Periode relativer Weltstabilität geben. Geht das schief, wird die Zivilisationsfrage generell in Frage stehen.
Ein Rückfall in den klassischen Nationalstaat und der damit verbundenen Abgrenzung mit Grenzen, eigenen Währungen und ähnlicher Dinge wie Blockbildungen der Vergangenheiten, werden kein Zukunftsmodell sein können. Dennoch ist die Frage berechtigt, inwieweit eine Rückbesinnung auf regionale Stärken und Ausrichtungen in Wechselwirkung zu Gemeinschaftsentwicklungen, gefragt sein kann. Und hier ist es unumgänglich, den EU und speziell die deutsche Frage neu zu gestalten sind und einer Lösung zuzuführen, die eben auch die monetäre Sicherheit im Sinne der Tradition europäischer Sozialdenkarten sichern hilft und Europa nicht sich auf das Niveau asiatischer Schwellenländer und deren Preisausnutzungssystem begibt, das die eigenen Bevölkerungen letztendlich in eine Situation neuer Skalvenhaltung führt. Und so ist es auch wichtig, das Europa sich seiner selbst bewahrt und der freien Marktwirtschaft eine neue Bedeutung verleit. Denn Freiheit zu leben bedeutet auch, Grenzen und Eckpunkte einzuhalten, da Freiheit nicht auf Kosten anderer erwirkt werden kann, sondern nur im Konzert mit Allen ein Weg zu finden ist, der grundsätzlich gewachsene Strukturen, Kulturen und Gemeinschaftsgrundlagen anerkennt und berücksichtigt. Und diese Grunderkenntnis bezieht sich auf die Weltwährungen und Finanzstrukturen, die an die Zügel genommen werden muß.
Es muß das Scheinsystem der Wertschöpfung aus sich selbst heraus von Finanzströmen, die eben Finanzströme erzeugen, beendet werden. Das war vor der Krise bekannt und ist jetzt noch bekannter gemacht. Nur, heute ist die Politik gefordert, hier endlich klare Kante zu zeigen und sich diesen Dingen zu stellen, will sie ihren Anspruch als Repräsentant Ihrer Bürger, gerecht werden. Tut sie dieses nicht, sind unkalkulierbare Verwerfungen der Gesellschaften nicht ausgeschlossen mit ungewissem Ausgang. Da wird dann auch nicht die Klammer einer EU-Verfassung helfen, die den Staaten ermöglichen könnte, europaweite Aufstände militärisch europäisch, in Form eines europäischen Binnenstaatenbürgerkrieges zur Aufrechterhaltung der EU-Strukturen, zu führen. Ein Szenario, das man sich gar nicht erst vorzustellen vermag.
Als Schlusswortzusammenfassung kann also festgehalten werden, die Krise wird eine neue Welt hinterlassen. Der US-Dollar wird eine Weltwährung unter Gleichen sein, die politischen Folgestrukturen werden andere werden, die EU steht am Scheideweges Ihres Erfolges, die deutsche Frage wird gelöst werden und das deutsche Wirtschaftsprinzip der Wertschöpfungen als Spiegel von Währungen wird an Gewicht gewinnen, ohne das Deutschland wieder in Konkurrenz zum angelsächsischem System gerät, da Europa und Deutschland seine Konkurrenzstellung verloren haben, da die Gewichtung sich von Europa wegentwickelt hat. Es wird große Anstrengungen geben und viel Tränen kosten. Es wird eine große Umschichtungen auch in den Gesellschaften geben und eine Neuausrichtung. Aber alles das ist besser, als ein erneuter Weltkrieg. Die Welt wird jedoch nicht um die Lösung dieser Dinge herumkommen
Posted by: raivo pommer-eesti. | May 22, 2009 at 09:10 AM
Ils sont donc trois prétendants officiels pour Opel. L'italien Fiat, l'équipementier canadien Magna et l'investisseur financier américain Ripplewood ont déposé une offre de reprise, mercredi 20 mai, date butoir fixée par Berlin. Le temps presse pour le constructeur allemand. Sa maison mère, l'américain General Motors (GM), risque de déposer le bilan d'ici au 1er juin. Le constructeur, très mal en point depuis plusieurs mois, veut céder au plus vite une participation majoritaire dans sa filiale....
Posted by: raivo pommer-eesti. | May 22, 2009 at 09:57 AM
Die Hoffnung auf eine Erholung der Wirtschaft hatte sich zuletzt gemehrt. Nun bremst die US-Notenbank den Optimismus und warnt vor einem heftigen Einbruch in diesem Jahr. Um Schlimmeres zu verhindern, erwägt die Fed einen zusätzlichen Ankauf von Staatsanleihen. Die New Yorker Börse reagierte prompt. Im März hatte Notenbankchef Ben Bernanke den Ankauf von Staatsanleihen angekündigt. Quelle: ap HB...
Posted by: raivo pommer-eesti. | May 22, 2009 at 10:39 AM
Beim Prozess gegen die birmanische Friedensnobelpreisträgerin Aung San Suu Kyi hat die Militärjunta überraschend ausländische Diplomaten zugelassen. Mehr als zwei Dutzend verfolgten das Verfahren im Insein-Gefängnis in Rangun. "Sie ist gefasst, aufrecht und knistert vor Energie", sagte der britische Botschafter Mark Canning anschließend der BBC. Die Diplomaten waren abgesehen von einem UN-Gesandten die ersten Ausländer, die die 63-Jährige seit 2003 zu Gesicht bekamen. Sie steht seitdem unter Hausarrest und darf keinen Besuch empfangen.
Die Oppositionsführerin ist angeklagt, weil ein Amerikaner vor gut zwei Wochen in ihr Haus eindrang. Damit habe sie die Auflagen ihres Hausarrests verletzt, werfen die Behörden ihr vor. Juristen in aller Welt bezeichnen dies nach allen üblichen Rechtsstandards als völlig unhaltbar. Sie halten die Anklage für ein abgekartetes Spiel, um die Politikerin vor den geplanten Wahlen im kommenden Jahr aus dem Verkehr zu ziehen. Ihr Hausarrest wäre Ende Mai abgelaufen.
"Ende des Drehbuchs schon geschrieben"
So äußerte sich auch Canning: "Es war gut, dass wir dabei sein konnten, aber das ändert nichts an den Grundtatsachen", sagte er. "Ich fürchte, dies ist eine Geschichte, bei der das Ende des Drehbuchs schon geschrieben ist." Suu Kyi drohen fünf Jahre Haft. Ein Urteil wird nächste Woche erwartet.
Die Diplomaten waren etwa eine Stunde in dem Gerichtssaal. Vernommen wurde ein Polizist, der nach der Festnahme des Amerikaners das Haus von Suu Kyi durchsucht hatte, berichteten Reporter, die auch überraschend eingelassen worden waren. Fünf vertraten die Staatsmedien, fünf weitere, die mit Genehmigung der Behörden für ausländische Medien arbeiten, wurden ausgelost und ebenfalls zugelassen. Sie beschrieben Suu Kyi als entspannt und selbstsicher. Sie habe anschließend die Hände der mehr als 20 Diplomaten geschüttelt und kurz mit ihnen geplaudert. "Vielen Dank für Ihre Unterstützung", sagte die 63-Jährige. "Ich hoffe, ich treffe Sie eines Tages unter besseren Umständen wieder."
Suu Kyi sprach anschließend noch separat mit drei Botschaftern: dem Vertreter Singapurs, der dem diplomatischen Corps in Rangun als dienstältester Botschafter vorsteht, dem Vertreter Thailands, das zur Zeit den Vorsitz der Südostasiatischen Staatengemeinschaft ASEAN innehat, und dem Vertreter Russlands, das gegenwärtig dem UN- Sicherheitsrat vorsteht.
Posted by: raivo pommer-eesti. | May 22, 2009 at 11:56 AM
Argentina - Argentina's president says her country's biggest airline has signed a contract to buy 20 planes from Brazilian jetmaker Embraer. President Cristina Fernandez says the aircraft will be the first new jets for Aerolineas Argentinas SA in 16 years. The airline was nationalized in December. She gave no other details in a televised speech, but the Telam state news agency said Thursday that Brazil's national development bank would loan Aerolineas $585 million to finance...
Posted by: raivo pommer-eesti. | May 22, 2009 at 12:25 PM
Japan's central bank on Friday upgraded its assessment of the world's second-largest economy, taking a cautiously upbeat stance that recession may be easing.
The Bank of Japan's eight-member policy board voted unanimously to leave its overnight call rate at 0.1 percent, a move that was widely expected. The low rate is in place to encourage lending and the flow of capital, but there is little room to cut it further.
But the central bank modestly upgraded its economic assessment. It said the economy was still deteriorating, but exports and production are beginning to level out. Previous assessments said the economy had been deteriorating significantly.
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This is a glimmer of good news for big names in Japan's corporate ranks such as Sony and Toyota, for which sales abroad are a major source of profit. Such companies have booked huge losses, cut workers and shut down plants as they feel the effects of a global economy mired in recession.
Hope for an end to the current malaise has come from other areas as well. Earlier this week, government data showed Japan's economy shrank at a record 15.2 percent annual pace in the first quarter, the biggest drop since the country began compiling such numbers in 1955, but the numbers also raised hopes that the worst is over.
The current administration is banking on elephantine spending packages to spark a turnaround. Prime Minister Taro Aso's latest $150 billion stimulus package includes incentives to buy energy-efficient appliances and cars, plus help for the unemployed and small businesses.
With interest rates near zero, the Bank of Japan has tried to shore up the balance sheets of the country's banks and other lenders. The central bank takes some financial risk off of such companies' books by buying up commercial paper, corporate bonds and even stocks.
On Friday, the central bank also said it would accept foreign bonds in foreign currencies as collateral from banks when providing credit for market operations, which could make it easier for such banks to raise funds.
Posted by: raivo pommer-eesti | May 22, 2009 at 01:30 PM
Japan's central bank on Friday upgraded its assessment of the world's second-largest economy, taking a cautiously upbeat stance that recession may be easing.
The Bank of Japan's eight-member policy board voted unanimously to leave its overnight call rate at 0.1 percent, a move that was widely expected. The low rate is in place to encourage lending and the flow of capital, but there is little room to cut it further.
But the central bank modestly upgraded its economic assessment. It said the economy was still deteriorating, but exports and production are beginning to level out. Previous assessments said the economy had been deteriorating significantly.
Advertisement
This is a glimmer of good news for big names in Japan's corporate ranks such as Sony and Toyota, for which sales abroad are a major source of profit. Such companies have booked huge losses, cut workers and shut down plants as they feel the effects of a global economy mired in recession.
Hope for an end to the current malaise has come from other areas as well. Earlier this week, government data showed Japan's economy shrank at a record 15.2 percent annual pace in the first quarter, the biggest drop since the country began compiling such numbers in 1955, but the numbers also raised hopes that the worst is over.
The current administration is banking on elephantine spending packages to spark a turnaround. Prime Minister Taro Aso's latest $150 billion stimulus package includes incentives to buy energy-efficient appliances and cars, plus help for the unemployed and small businesses.
With interest rates near zero, the Bank of Japan has tried to shore up the balance sheets of the country's banks and other lenders. The central bank takes some financial risk off of such companies' books by buying up commercial paper, corporate bonds and even stocks.
On Friday, the central bank also said it would accept foreign bonds in foreign currencies as collateral from banks when providing credit for market operations, which could make it easier for such banks to raise funds.
Posted by: raivo pommer-eesti. | May 22, 2009 at 01:33 PM
As American regulators slept through the past eight years, several authorities overseas decided that the Intel Corporation has been abusing its near monopoly position in the microchip market to squeeze out its smaller rival Advanced Micro Devices, constraining consumers’ choice.
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Times Topics: Intel Corporation | Antitrust Actions and Laws
It is now the United States’ turn. The Federal Trade Commission, which opened a formal investigation into Intel’s business a year ago, should decide without delay whether to pursue the company in court. The issue is not just whether Intel’s tactics against A.M.D. amount to illicit behavior. The larger question is whether Washington is willing to pursue monopolies vigorously for predatory practices and foster an environment where competition and innovation can thrive.
Since 2005, regulators in Japan and South Korea have ruled against Intel. This month the European Commission slapped the company with a $1.44 billion fine. It found that Intel has been giving hidden rebates to computer makers that bought all or virtually all of their chips from Intel and paying some to delay or hinder the introduction of products that had A.M.D. microprocessors.
Intel denies those accusations, arguing that the volume rebates it offers never carried the alleged quid pro quos. The company appealed the Korean fine and said it would appeal the European decision.
For much of the Bush administration, regulators declined to look formally into the charges against Intel. That reluctance was the product of an extremely narrow reading of antitrust law, validated by a conservative Supreme Court that has become increasingly hostile to antitrust enforcement.
In the Bush administration’s view, to get in trouble a monopolist must do worse than use unfair methods to undermine a competitor. Regulators must usually prove that consumers were directly hurt, typically through high prices. When the wrongdoing is to offer a client conditional rebates — meaning lower prices — that can be especially hard to prove.
That view of consumer harm is too restrictive. It often seems to ignore the fact that a dominant firm that uses unfair tactics to marginalize its rivals deprives consumers of choice, another form of harm. Without competitors there is no competition. Without competition there is no incentive for innovation, or to reduce prices.
The Obama administration has a different view. The Justice Department’s antitrust division has rescinded Bush administration guidelines intended to shield monopolies from antitrust accusations. The F.T.C. is also likely to be more active under its new chairman, Jon Leibowitz. He is already considering pursuing future antitrust cases with a little-used provision of antitrust law that directly outlaws unfair methods of competition. The American economy cannot thrive without
Posted by: raivo pommer-eesti. | May 22, 2009 at 01:57 PM
Germany, the land of Goethe, Thomas Mann and Beethoven, has an unlikely pop culture hero: Donald Duck. Just as the French are obsessed with Jerry Lewis, the Germans see a richness and complexity to the Disney comic that isn’t always immediately evident to people in the cartoon duck’s homeland.
Disney
Comics featuring Donald are available at most German newsstands and the national weekly “Micky Maus”—which features the titular mouse, Goofy and, most prominently, Donald Duck—sells an average of 250,000 copies each week, outselling even “Superman.” A lavish 8,000-page German Donald Duck collector’s edition has just come out, and despite the nearly $1,900 price tag, the publisher, Egmont Horizont, says the edition of 3,333 copies is almost completely sold out. Last month the fan group D.O.N.A.L.D (the German acronym stands for “German Organization for Non-commercial Followers of Pure Donaldism”), hosted its 32nd annual congress at the Museum of Natural History in Stuttgart, with trivia and trinkets galore, along with lectures devoted to “nephew studies” and Duckburg’s solar system.
“Donald is so popular because almost everyone can identify with him,” says Christian Pfeiler, president of D.O.N.A.L.D. “He has strengths and weaknesses, he lacks polish but is also very cultured and well-read.” But much of the appeal of the hapless, happy-go-lucky duck lies in the translations. Donald quotes from German literature, speaks in grammatically complex sentences and is prone to philosophical musings, while the stories often take a more political tone than their American counterparts.
Whereas in the U.S. fans of Donald Duck tend to gravitate to the animated films, duck fandom in Germany centers on the printed comics published in the kids’ weekly “Micky Maus” and the monthly “Donald Duck Special” (with a print run of 40,000 copies), which sells mainly to adult readers.
Donald Duck didn’t always find Germany so hospitable. In the years following World War II, American influence in the newly formed Federal Republic was strong, but German cultural institutions were hesitant to sanction one U.S. import: the comic book. A law banning comics was proposed, and some American comics were eventually burned by school officials worried about their effects on students’ morals and ability to express themselves in complete sentences.
Posted by: raivo pommer-eesti. | May 23, 2009 at 11:48 AM
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